``Formation of large scale structure in the universe and systems with long-range interactions''
Aim
In the treatment of physical systems there is a fundamental distinction between those in which interactions among fundamental constituents (i.e. particles) are short or long ranged. In the former case, differently from the latter one, the coupling of each particle with all other system particles must be considered. This situation gives rise to a notable complexity in the treatment of systems with long-range interactions when compared with what happens in systems where interactions are short ranged. Indeed the basic concepts and instruments of equilibrium statistical mechanics cannot be simply applied to systems with long-range interactions. This kind of situation was firstly studied in the context of astrophysics and cosmology where the interaction was the gravitational one, and only recently there have been identified laboratory systems with other kind of long-range interactions. The aim of the course is to provide a basic knowledge on the dynamics and thermodynamics properties of a self-gravitating gas of particles. It will be touched then the problem of cosmological structure formation and the problems related to the general physical properties of systems with long-range interactions.
Program
1. Brief review of vector calculus: Formalism, Vectors, Curvilinear coordinate systems, Vector calculus
2. Brief review of Mechanics: Single particle, System of particles, Isolated two body system, Generalized coordinates, Principle of least action, Lagrange’s Equations, Conservation laws, Hamiltonian Dynamics, Poisson’s parenthesis, Action as a function of coordinates, Canonical Transformations, Liouville’s Theorem
3 Elements of Potential Theory for gravitating systems: Newtonian force and potential for a continuous distribution of mass, Gravitational potential energy, Spherical systems, Potential for simple systems, Potential energy tensor
4 Equilibrium statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and self-gravitating systems: Systems and ensembles, Liouville’s Theorem, The Microcanonical ensemble, Entropy and temperature, The Gibbs paradox, The canonical ensemble, Specific heat, Virial theorem, Standard results on self-gravitating systems, The ergodic hypothesis, Conserved quantities and ergodicity, Definition of systems with long range interactions
5 Basic features of the dynamics of self-gravitating systems: The long-range features of gravitation, isotropy and small scale fluctuations, Two-body relaxation, Two-body weak scattering, Integrated effect of two-body scatterings, Two-body relaxation time, Escape velocity, Collisional and non-collisional systems, Approach to equilibrium in gravitating systems, Description of the dynamical evolution, Boltzmann equation, Vlasov equation, Fluid equations, Jeans equation for a spherically symmetric system, The BBGKY hierarchy, Lagrangian theory, Perturbation theory, The Jeans instability, Linear fluid equations, Linear Lagrangian theory, Dynamical time
6 Dynamics of finite self-gravitating systems: Spherical cold collapse in finite systems, Evolution of the Poisson simulation, Role of fluctuations, Evolution of fluctuations in the linear regime, Perturbed spherical collapse, Predictions for scalings, N dependence of global quantities, N dependence of ejected energy, N dependence of density profiles.
7 Gravitational force distributions in stochatic particle distributions: Uniform and correlated mass density fields, Spatial averages and ergodicity, Homogeneity and homogeneity scale, Correlation functions, Characteristic function and cumulants expansion, Correlation length, Poisson point process, Stochastic point processes with spatial correlations, Nearest neighbor probability density in point processes, Gaussian continuous stochastic fields, Power-laws and self-similarity, Mass function and probability distribution, The random walk and the central limit theorem, The power spectrum and the classification of stationary stochastic fields, The power spectrum for the Poisson point process, The power spectrum and the mass variance: a complete classification, Super-homogeneous mass density fields, Fractals, The metric dimension, Conditional density, The two-point conditional density, The conditional variance, Correction to scaling, Fractal with a crossover to homogeneity, Correlation, fractals and clustering, Probability distribution of mass fluctuations in a fractal, Multifractals and mass distributions, Deterministic Multifractals, The multifractal spectrum, Random multifractals, The gravitational field in stochastic particle distributions, Nearest neighbor force distribution, Gravitational force distribution in a Poisson particle distribution, Gravitational force in weakly correlated particle distributions, Generalization of the Holtzmark distribution to the Gauss-Poisson case, Gravitational force in fractal point distributions
8 Infinite self-gravitating systems and cosmological structure formation: Qualitative description, The infinite gravitational many-body problem, Newtonian gravity in the infinite volume limit, Force due to mean density, Force due to fluctuations, Relation to expanding universe case, Relation to other N → ∞ limits, Evolution from Shuffled Lattice initial conditions, Particle linear theory, Discreteness effects and the Vlasov-Poisson limit, Non-linear structures and quasi-stationary states
9 Self-gravitating systems in the universe: globular clusters, galaxies, galaxy clusters and galaxy large scale structures.
References
- "Physics of self-gravitating systems and formation of large scale structures in the universe", F. Sylos Labini, 2008
- "Galactic Dynamics'', J. Binney and S. Tremaine, Princeton Series in Astrophysics, Princeton University Press, 1994
- ``The distribution of the galaxies'', W.C. Saslaw, Cambridge University Press, 2000
- ``Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Systems with Long-Range interactions'', T. Dauxois, S. Ruffo, E Arimondo, M. Wilkens, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer 2002
- ``Statistical Physics for Cosmic Structures'', A. Gabrielli, F. Sylos Labini, M. Joyce and L. Pietronero, Springer 2005
Methods of teaching: lectures (two days a weak, two hours a day)
Methods of evaluation: oral exam and intermediate short projects